Attention! iBeetle is a first pass screen. Hence, the documented phenotypes need to be confirmed by independent experiments using non-overlapping dsRNA fragments! Phenotypes with a penetrance > 50% are frequently reproduced. See Schmitt-Engel et al. 2015 for details on reproducibility.
Usually 10 injected animals
Terms used in the pupal injection procedure
- larval pantagmatic defects
- At least two tagmata (head, thorax, abdomen or terminus) show similar/ comparable defects.
- empty eggs
- Just empty shells are visible, no cuticle has been developed.
- strong defects
- L1 cuticle larvae which show severe defects. These strong defects are subdivided into three categories
- strongly fragmented (cuticle crumbs)
- No segments or appendages are identifiable, only residues of cuticle and bristles can be identified.
- cuticle remnants (with unidentifiable segments)
- Segments or parts of appendages are recognizable, but identity is not clear.
- cuticle remnants (with some identifiable segments)
- At least one segment or appendage is clearly regonizable.
- number of eggs on slide
- affected embryos usually (not always) do not hatch. Only the not hatched were used for cuticle analysis.
For the embryonic muscle analysis the hatched as well as the not hatched were analysed. - total number of affected eggs/embryos/larvae
- Summary of all different phenotypes/ phenotypic series which were annotated.
- inside-out
- The L1 larva shows a partial or complete inversion., e.g. bristles, appendages or parts of the abdominal segments are inverted into the interior of the cuticle.
- starved
- Dissected females show a strong resorption of fatbody predominately in the abdomen and the oogenesis is blocked. These are considered as eventually lethal phenotypes and the blocked oogenesis probably a secondary defect due to starvation.
- eclosion not fulfilled
- The emergence of the adult from the pupa stage is interrupted. This phenotype shows pupal as well as adult features.
number of eggs/embryos/larvae on slide: > 50
larval musculature pattern irregular -
Penetrance (percentage of animals/eggs on slide): more than 80%
affected eggs/embryos/larvae total percentage of affected eggs/embryos/larvae on slide - Penetrance (percentage of animals/eggs on slide): more than 80%
remarks: muscle pattern potentially obscured by segmentation defect,
affected eggs/embryos/larvae total percentage of affected eggs/embryos/larvae on slide - Penetrance (percentage of animals/eggs on slide): more than 80%
remarks: muscle pattern potentially obscured by segmentation defect,
number of eggs/embryos/larvae on slide: > 50
head not present - Penetrance (percentage of animals/eggs on slide): more than 80%
thorax not present - Penetrance (percentage of animals/eggs on slide): more than 80%
abdomen segment number increased - Penetrance (percentage of animals/eggs on slide): more than 80%
urogomphi number increased -
Penetrance (percentage of animals/eggs on slide): more than 80%
abdomen segmentation/division irregular - Penetrance (percentage of animals/eggs on slide): more than 80%
pygopodium mostly not present - Penetrance (percentage of animals/eggs on slide): 50% - 80%
hindgut protruding - Penetrance (percentage of animals/eggs on slide): 30% - 50%
hindgut number increased - Penetrance (percentage of animals/eggs on slide): 30% - 50%
abdomen dorsal not closed - Penetrance (percentage of animals/eggs on slide): 50% - 80%
affected eggs/embryos/larvae total percentage of affected eggs/embryos/larvae on slide - Penetrance (percentage of animals/eggs on slide): more than 80%
head not present - Penetrance (percentage of animals/eggs on slide): more than 80%
thorax not present - Penetrance (percentage of animals/eggs on slide): more than 80%
abdomen segment number increased - Penetrance (percentage of animals/eggs on slide): more than 80%
| Comment: Two posterior termini (marked by urogomphi) are present with the hindgut often protruding. The segments in between have abdominal identity and may be part of two opposing abdomina. Segmentation is generally disturbed. |
abdomen segmentation/division irregular - Penetrance (percentage of animals/eggs on slide): more than 80%
pygopodium mostly not present - Penetrance (percentage of animals/eggs on slide): 50% - 80%
hindgut protruding - Penetrance (percentage of animals/eggs on slide): 30% - 50%
hindgut number increased - Penetrance (percentage of animals/eggs on slide): 30% - 50%
abdomen dorsal not closed - Penetrance (percentage of animals/eggs on slide): 50% - 80%
affected eggs/embryos/larvae total percentage of affected eggs/embryos/larvae on slide - Penetrance (percentage of animals/eggs on slide): more than 80%
Lethalities 11 days after larval injection: 20.0% (includes death as larva, prepupa, pupa)
Lethalities 22 days after larval injection: 80.0% (includes death as larva, prepupa, pupa, adult)
pupal molt not fulfilled (died with pupal and larval features) - Number of animals showing the phenotype: 1 (11 dpi)
pupal molt not completely molted - Number of animals showing the phenotype: 2 (11 dpi)
pupal molt delayed (still larva) - Number of animals showing the phenotype: 3 (11 dpi)
pupal molt delayed (still larva) - Number of animals showing the phenotype: 2 (16 dpi)
eclosion delayed (still pupa) - Number of animals showing the phenotype: 1 (16 dpi)
eclosion not fulfilled (with pupal and adult features) - Number of animals showing the phenotype: 2 (16 dpi)
pupal molt delayed (still larva) - Number of animals showing the phenotype: 2 (19 dpi)
adult lethality - Number of animals showing the phenotype: 1 (22 dpi)
pupal molt not fulfilled (died as L7 or prepupa) - Number of animals showing the phenotype: 2 (22 dpi)
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