Attention! iBeetle is a first pass screen. Hence, the documented phenotypes need to be confirmed by independent experiments using non-overlapping dsRNA fragments! Phenotypes with a penetrance > 50% are frequently reproduced. See Schmitt-Engel et al. 2015 for details on reproducibility.
Usually 10 injected animals
Terms used in the pupal injection procedure
- larval pantagmatic defects
- At least two tagmata (head, thorax, abdomen or terminus) show similar/ comparable defects.
- empty eggs
- Just empty shells are visible, no cuticle has been developed.
- strong defects
- L1 cuticle larvae which show severe defects. These strong defects are subdivided into three categories
- strongly fragmented (cuticle crumbs)
- No segments or appendages are identifiable, only residues of cuticle and bristles can be identified.
- cuticle remnants (with unidentifiable segments)
- Segments or parts of appendages are recognizable, but identity is not clear.
- cuticle remnants (with some identifiable segments)
- At least one segment or appendage is clearly regonizable.
- number of eggs on slide
- affected embryos usually (not always) do not hatch. Only the not hatched were used for cuticle analysis.
For the embryonic muscle analysis the hatched as well as the not hatched were analysed. - total number of affected eggs/embryos/larvae
- Summary of all different phenotypes/ phenotypic series which were annotated.
- inside-out
- The L1 larva shows a partial or complete inversion., e.g. bristles, appendages or parts of the abdominal segments are inverted into the interior of the cuticle.
- starved
- Dissected females show a strong resorption of fatbody predominately in the abdomen and the oogenesis is blocked. These are considered as eventually lethal phenotypes and the blocked oogenesis probably a secondary defect due to starvation.
- eclosion not fulfilled
- The emergence of the adult from the pupa stage is interrupted. This phenotype shows pupal as well as adult features.
number of eggs/embryos/larvae on slide: < 50
embryo/egg with embryonic tissue, no cuticle, no fluorescence -
Penetrance (percentage of animals/eggs on slide): 30% - 50%
embryo/egg with embryonic tissue, no cuticle, but muscle fluorescence - Penetrance (percentage of animals/eggs on slide): less than 30%
larval musculature pattern irregular - Penetrance (percentage of animals/eggs on slide): 30% - 50%
affected eggs/embryos/larvae total percentage of affected eggs/embryos/larvae on slide - Penetrance (percentage of animals/eggs on slide): more than 80%
remarks: muscle pattern potentially obscured by segmentation defect,
embryo/egg with embryonic tissue, no cuticle, but muscle fluorescence - Penetrance (percentage of animals/eggs on slide): less than 30%
larval musculature pattern irregular - Penetrance (percentage of animals/eggs on slide): 30% - 50%
affected eggs/embryos/larvae total percentage of affected eggs/embryos/larvae on slide - Penetrance (percentage of animals/eggs on slide): more than 80%
remarks: muscle pattern potentially obscured by segmentation defect,
number of eggs/embryos/larvae on slide: > 50
egg without cuticle embryo/egg without visible larval cuticle in cuticle preparation - Penetrance (percentage of animals/eggs on slide): 30% - 50%
larva dorsal not closed - Penetrance (percentage of animals/eggs on slide): less than 30%
larva appendages shape irregular - Penetrance (percentage of animals/eggs on slide): 50% - 80%
larva appendages size decreased - Penetrance (percentage of animals/eggs on slide): 50% - 80%
head partially not present - Penetrance (percentage of animals/eggs on slide): 50% - 80%
head capsule size decreased - Penetrance (percentage of animals/eggs on slide): 50% - 80%
head capsule shape irregular - Penetrance (percentage of animals/eggs on slide): 50% - 80%
head not present - Penetrance (percentage of animals/eggs on slide): less than 30%
thorax circumference decreased - Penetrance (percentage of animals/eggs on slide): 30% - 50%
thorax not present - Penetrance (percentage of animals/eggs on slide): less than 30%
abdomen segmentation/division increased - Penetrance (percentage of animals/eggs on slide): 50% - 80%
abdomen circumference decreased -
Penetrance (percentage of animals/eggs on slide): 30% - 50%
affected eggs/embryos/larvae total percentage of affected eggs/embryos/larvae on slide - Penetrance (percentage of animals/eggs on slide): more than 80%
egg without cuticle embryo/egg without visible larval cuticle in cuticle preparation - Penetrance (percentage of animals/eggs on slide): 30% - 50%
larva dorsal not closed - Penetrance (percentage of animals/eggs on slide): less than 30%
larva appendages shape irregular - Penetrance (percentage of animals/eggs on slide): 50% - 80%
larva appendages size decreased - Penetrance (percentage of animals/eggs on slide): 50% - 80%
head partially not present - Penetrance (percentage of animals/eggs on slide): 50% - 80%
head capsule size decreased - Penetrance (percentage of animals/eggs on slide): 50% - 80%
head capsule shape irregular - Penetrance (percentage of animals/eggs on slide): 50% - 80%
head not present - Penetrance (percentage of animals/eggs on slide): less than 30%
thorax circumference decreased - Penetrance (percentage of animals/eggs on slide): 30% - 50%
thorax not present - Penetrance (percentage of animals/eggs on slide): less than 30%
abdomen segmentation/division increased - Penetrance (percentage of animals/eggs on slide): 50% - 80%
| Comment: the abdominal segment bounderies are more prominent than normal |
affected eggs/embryos/larvae total percentage of affected eggs/embryos/larvae on slide - Penetrance (percentage of animals/eggs on slide): more than 80%
Lethalities 11 days after larval injection: 70.0% (includes death as larva, prepupa, pupa)
Lethalities 22 days after larval injection: 100.0% (includes death as larva, prepupa, pupa, adult)
pupal molt delayed (still larva) - Number of animals showing the phenotype: 3 (11 dpi)
pupal molt not fulfilled (died with pupal and larval features) - Number of animals showing the phenotype: 5 (11 dpi)
larva lethality late (L7) - Number of animals showing the phenotype: 3 (16 dpi)
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