Attention! iBeetle is a first pass screen. Hence, the documented phenotypes need to be confirmed by independent experiments using non-overlapping dsRNA fragments! Phenotypes with a penetrance > 50% are frequently reproduced. See Schmitt-Engel et al. 2015 for details on reproducibility.
Usually 10 injected animals
Terms used in the pupal injection procedure
- larval pantagmatic defects
- At least two tagmata (head, thorax, abdomen or terminus) show similar/ comparable defects.
- empty eggs
- Just empty shells are visible, no cuticle has been developed.
- strong defects
- L1 cuticle larvae which show severe defects. These strong defects are subdivided into three categories
- strongly fragmented (cuticle crumbs)
- No segments or appendages are identifiable, only residues of cuticle and bristles can be identified.
- cuticle remnants (with unidentifiable segments)
- Segments or parts of appendages are recognizable, but identity is not clear.
- cuticle remnants (with some identifiable segments)
- At least one segment or appendage is clearly regonizable.
- number of eggs on slide
- affected embryos usually (not always) do not hatch. Only the not hatched were used for cuticle analysis.
For the embryonic muscle analysis the hatched as well as the not hatched were analysed. - total number of affected eggs/embryos/larvae
- Summary of all different phenotypes/ phenotypic series which were annotated.
- inside-out
- The L1 larva shows a partial or complete inversion., e.g. bristles, appendages or parts of the abdominal segments are inverted into the interior of the cuticle.
- starved
- Dissected females show a strong resorption of fatbody predominately in the abdomen and the oogenesis is blocked. These are considered as eventually lethal phenotypes and the blocked oogenesis probably a secondary defect due to starvation.
- eclosion not fulfilled
- The emergence of the adult from the pupa stage is interrupted. This phenotype shows pupal as well as adult features.
number of eggs/embryos/larvae on slide: > 50
embryo/egg not developed/not fertilized -
Penetrance (percentage of animals/eggs on slide): less than 30%
embryo/egg with embryonic tissue, no cuticle, no fluorescence - Penetrance (percentage of animals/eggs on slide): less than 30%
larval musculature pattern irregular - Penetrance (percentage of animals/eggs on slide): less than 30%
affected eggs/embryos/larvae total percentage of affected eggs/embryos/larvae on slide - Penetrance (percentage of animals/eggs on slide): 50% - 80%
remarks: muscle pattern potentially obscured by segmentation defect,
embryo/egg with embryonic tissue, no cuticle, no fluorescence - Penetrance (percentage of animals/eggs on slide): less than 30%
larval musculature pattern irregular - Penetrance (percentage of animals/eggs on slide): less than 30%
affected eggs/embryos/larvae total percentage of affected eggs/embryos/larvae on slide - Penetrance (percentage of animals/eggs on slide): 50% - 80%
remarks: muscle pattern potentially obscured by segmentation defect,
number of eggs/embryos/larvae on slide: > 50
embryo/egg without visible larval cuticle in cuticle preparation - Penetrance (percentage of animals/eggs on slide): less than 30%
larva dorsal not closed - Penetrance (percentage of animals/eggs on slide): 30% - 50%
head shape irregular - Penetrance (percentage of animals/eggs on slide): 30% - 50%
head capsule size decreased - Penetrance (percentage of animals/eggs on slide): 30% - 50%
head not present - Penetrance (percentage of animals/eggs on slide): less than 30%
thorax not present - Penetrance (percentage of animals/eggs on slide): less than 30%
abdomen partially constricted - Penetrance (percentage of animals/eggs on slide): less than 30%
abdomen not present - Penetrance (percentage of animals/eggs on slide): less than 30%
affected eggs/embryos/larvae total percentage of affected eggs/embryos/larvae on slide - Penetrance (percentage of animals/eggs on slide): more than 80%
embryo/egg without visible larval cuticle in cuticle preparation - Penetrance (percentage of animals/eggs on slide): less than 30%
larva dorsal not closed - Penetrance (percentage of animals/eggs on slide): 30% - 50%
head shape irregular - Penetrance (percentage of animals/eggs on slide): 30% - 50%
head capsule size decreased - Penetrance (percentage of animals/eggs on slide): 30% - 50%
head not present - Penetrance (percentage of animals/eggs on slide): less than 30%
thorax not present - Penetrance (percentage of animals/eggs on slide): less than 30%
abdomen partially constricted - Penetrance (percentage of animals/eggs on slide): less than 30%
abdomen not present - Penetrance (percentage of animals/eggs on slide): less than 30%
affected eggs/embryos/larvae total percentage of affected eggs/embryos/larvae on slide - Penetrance (percentage of animals/eggs on slide): more than 80%
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